
External concrete will be subjected to the worst that nature has to offer, but also to varying degrees of harsh treatment from users. Whether its commercial, industrial or residential hardstandings, external concrete will, over its design life, encounter destructive forces, which more often than not lead to its early and costly deterioration.
Critically, external concrete must be able to resist the negative effects prevalent in many climatic conditions during placement, many of which lead to plastic shrinkage cracking and in turn leads to a less durable concrete with a lesser life span.
In its hardened state, concrete will also need to withstand impact and abrasion forces, and damage caused by cycles of freezing and thawing, if it is to complete its full design life cycle.